Introduction. For My Project On Critiquing An Epidemiology

Introduction: For my project on critiquing an epidemiology study I choose to do my project on second-hand smoking and how it affects other people than just the smoking population. The article I choose was Cigarette Smoking Associated with Lung Adenocarcinoma in Situ in a Large Case-Control Study (SFBALCS). The objective of this study was â€Å"designed to understand why nonsmokers are associated with Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), which is common cause of lung cancer in cigarette smokers† (Bracci et al.). Statistics show that 80 % to 90% of lung cancer cases are from smoking. â€Å"Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), formerly bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC), is not so common subtype of lung adenocarcinoma and accounts for approximately 3% to 4% of lung†¦show more content†¦They only included five counties that were located within the Bay Area which is limiting their data. By not having this part of the study so restricted it will open many other variables that are not included in the study now. Another weakness in the study is that they did not include genetic variations and susceptibility for BAC which is an important factor. With this information, it can show which people in the control and case study already have BAC in their family history which can show us the cause for why they already must disease or who will likely develop the disease later. From this information, they could have explored another direction with the AIS patients which can show us that cigarette smoke may have not been the cause of the disease developing. They also decided to not use survival biased in their study which has a big impact on their study. The reason for that is because they are just if AIS patients have good prognosis, there is no need to include survival rate. If you are conducting a study on a disease you show still include the survival rate because people can still death from this disease, even if the rates may be low. Strengths: Overall this case-control study had some good strengths which allowed the case study to successful in the aspects that it mainly covered. Overall the case study wanted

Essay on The Debate Concerning Secondhand Smoke - 1777 Words

We all know that smoking poses a significant risk to our health. We can make an educated decision about whether or not to smoke, and if we do decide to smoke, we should be willing to accept any negative effects such as lung cancer and heart disease later in our lives. But what about exposure to secondhand smoke? At this point, we don’t always have a choice in exposure to the smoke of others. The Office of the Surgeon General (OGS) has documented a high level of exposure to secondhand smoke among nonsmoking adults and children in the United States. Blood tests of nonsmokers for the presence of cotinine, a chemical produced by nicotine, indicate that 88% of nonsmoking Americans are exposed to secondhand smoke (US, OGS, Clean). In†¦show more content†¦The EPA determined that secondhand smoke is a Group A carcinogen, a classification of pollutants that have been proven to cause cancer. The tobacco industry responded to the report with a well-funded advertising, public relations, and legal counterattack. Since then, controversy over the topic has spread, both politically and socially. But what exactly are the risks associated with secondhand smoke, and how has the American public responded to those risks? Secondhand smoke is most harmful to young children, especially those with asthma or other respiratory diseases. The EPA notes that 43% of children in the United States under the age of 11 live in a home with at least one smoker. Children exposed to secondhand smoke tend to have more bronchitis, pneumonia, respiratory infections, fluid in the middle ear, and asthma. And if both parents smoke, or if the child is frequently exposed to smoke, the child’s chances of showing symptoms of these diseases increase (US, EPA, Indoor). Infants and toddlers up to 18 months of age suffer between 150,000 and 300,000 cases of lung infections because of secondhand smoke, according to EPA estimates. Secondhand smoke produces symptoms of asthma in anShow MoreRelatedShould We Legalize Marijuana? Essay1362 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s world one of the growing debates is the legalization of marijuana. Nowadays people use â€Å"weed† for many different purposes. Whether it be for medical or even recreational weed has become a part of this world. The government in the USA keeps fighting this natural product and destroying lives on account of this drug. It has been proven to be even better than alcohol and many other things in this world. Weed being a natural product has many advantages and disadvantages but the good outweighsRead MoreThe Purpose Of This Essay Is To Provide An Argument For1952 Words   |  8 Pages â€Å"The Counterculture and Drug Scene In the late ‘60s, amid the growing countercultur e and drug proliferation, marijuana use becomes a mainstay of the hippie lifestyle. A fierce debate emerges over whether to legalize the drug.† (MOORE, 2013), and this counterculture would lead to some very possive laws concerning cannabis in the latter future, but also would lead to some very damaging laws in the 70s and 80s. In the 70s we had the Controlled Substances Act a large piece of foolishness becauseRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagescritical thinking skills also involve assessing whether a group of sentences are consistent, whether a proposed definition is successful, whether an advertisement gives any useful information about a product, whether a speaker is being fair in a debate with an opponent, whether a statistical sample was biased, and whether someones supposed scientific explanation is unscientific. This book is designed to improve all these other critical thinking skills, too, even though they dont directly involveRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesPolicy 66 Geographical Comparisons 67 McDonnell-Douglas Test 67 Responding to an EEO Charge 67 Business Necessity 68 Bona Fide Occupational Qualifications 68 Seniority Systems 68 Selected Relevant Supreme Court Cases 69 Cases Concerning Discrimination 69 Cases Concerning Reverse Discrimination 71 ETHICAL ISSUES IN HRM: English-Only Rules 72 Enforcing Equal Opportunity Employment 72 The Role of the EEOC 72 Office of Federal Contract Compliance Program (OFCCP) 73 Current Issues in Employment Law 74Read MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pagesferment—what some have called chaos2—demands reevaluation, renewal, revamping, even redesign of previously rather stable library and information service organizations. In that process, futurists, trying to predict outcomes, are making forecasts concerning the importance of various forces that have been growing for some time. To coin an alliterative phrase, â€Å"confusion about comprehensive change complicates compliance with contemporary conditions† in library and information service. Change—The Innovative Process

Why Cigarette Smoking Should Be Banned Free Essays

Cigarette smoking should be banned. Cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit that not only affects the user in a negative physical and psychological way but also endangers others around them. Would you play Russian roulette – A deadly game of chance involving a revolver and a single bullet– and then force others around you to participate? Cigarette smoking has detrimental effects on both the user and innocent bystanders effectively initiating a game of Russian roulette. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Cigarette Smoking Should Be Banned or any similar topic only for you Order Now Considering the dangers of cigarettes, banning them could potentially protect society from their dangerous effects. The physical effects of smoking are quite frightening and include a wide variety of diseases. These include but are not limited to: cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and a wide variety of cancers. A common outcome of the more serious tobacco related diseases is death. It is noted on the CDC (Centers for Disease Control) website that ‘More deaths are caused each year by tobacco than all deaths caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), illegal drug use, alcohol use, motor vehicle injuries, suicides, and murders combined. (CDC – Fact Sheet – Tobacco-Related Mortality – Smoking Tobacco Use, 2011) With all this evidence pointing to the physical dangers of cigarettes, why then do people continue choosing to engage in this behavior? Perhaps the psychological effects of cigarettes can account for the continuation of their use. Cigarettes can have not only a stimulating effect, but also a perceived calming effect and can also induce feelings of eupho ria. Nicotine in tobacco causes these perceived effects and feelings. Nicotine is a psychoactive drug found in tobacco products, and it is this chemical that causes users to develop a dependency on cigarettes. One particular cause for alarm is taken from the CDC website. ‘Research suggests that nicotine may be as addictive as heroin, cocaine, or alcohol. ’ (CDC – Fact Sheet – Smoking Cessation – Smoking Tobacco Use. 14 Nov. 2011) With this in mind, we now start to understand the psychological dangers of smoking cigarettes. The addiction compels the user to continue smoking. Having looked at the physical and psychological effects of smoking on the users, let us now take a look at how detrimental cigarette smoking is to non-smokers. Cigarette smoking is extremely dangerous to non smokers. Secondhand smoke is a mixture of side stream smoke — smoke from the end of a lighted cigarette—and mainstream smoke—smoke exhaled by a smoker. This secondhand smoke contains 250 known harmful chemicals of which 60 are known to cause cancer. This dangerous concoction of chemicals in the smoke puts those that have chosen not to smoke in harm’s way. According to the website of the American Cancer Society, each year, second hand smoke is responsible for ‘an estimated 46,000 deaths from heart disease’, â€Å"About 3400 lung cancer deaths’, and ‘Between 150,000 and 300,000 lower respiratory tract infections in children’. (â€Å"Secondhand Smoke. â€Å", 14 Nov. 2011) The list carries on, but we can now see how cigarette smoking not only affects smokers, but non smokers too. As detrimental as cigarettes are to everyone’s health, there are still those that claim it is their right to be able to smoke. Opponents of cigarette banning claim that it is their civil right to choose to smoke and that society does not have the right to dictate what people do to their bodies, regardless of whether it is unhealthy for them or not. They claim that if the government bans cigarettes on the basis that it is harmful to one’s health, then they may as well ban other things that pose a health risk, like â€Å"junk food†. The problem with this argument is that while eating junk food does pose a health risk to the person eating it, there is no immediate health risk to the people around them. Even governments have started to recognize the dangers of cigarettes by allocating smoke free zones where smoking is not allowed. Even though this is a step in the right direction, it still does not keep everyone safe from the dangers of cigarette smoking. By examining the all the information, it is easy to see that cigarette smoking is particularly dangerous on both physical and psychological levels while also needlessly endangering non-smokers. Could the banning of cigarettes potentially wrestle the revolver from the hands of the smoker and finally put an end to this dangerous game of Russian roulette? How to cite Why Cigarette Smoking Should Be Banned, Essay examples

Determination Whether Lump Sum Received †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Determination Whether Lump Sum Received? Answer: Introducation The amount of $7,500,000 in the form of compensation received by Connect IT may constitute as income and will held taxable as income as per the ordinary concepts of Section 6-5 of the ITAA 1997. As a held in the case of F C of T (NSW) v Meeks (1915)[1] sum received in association with the cessation or deviation of deal or other forms of business contract that is made in the due course of performing on of a trade that are in the nature of income. As a rule, to decide whether the sum of compensation received by Connect-IT is of income or capital in nature it is vital to understand whether the annulled contract is linked to the purpose of providing service and formed the part of the profit making structure. In the present case, Connect-IT may find an alternative service provider and it can be argued that the agreement would not however substantially affect the Connect-IT income making composition. The contract did not create an impact on the permanent composition under which Connect-IT executed its business activities and the amount of compensation received would be of revenue in nature. However, if the service provided formed the significant fraction of their commercial operations, an argument can be put forward that the compensation was capital. As held in the case of Californian Oil Products Ltd (in liq) v. Federal Commissioner ofTaxation (1934) 52 CLR 28; (1934) the decision passed supported the view[2]. As evident the assessee entered into the agreement of five-year with international oil company that provided them only right of distributing the oil merchandise in Australia. Afterwards, the foreign company sought after to end the agreement and compensated Californian oil with a sum in the form of compensation for the cessation of deal. The court passed its verdict by stating that the sum received as reimbursement for rescission of the contract was capital in nature. Consequently, it is vital to determine that the vitality of contract was to Connect-IT. Although it is assumed that Connect-IT would be able to discover an alternative arrangements with another clients and can be considered that compensation received was of revenue account[3]. Citing the reference of Allied Mills Industries Pty Ltd v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation(1989) the amount of $7,500,000 paid constitute an un-dissected lump sum payment as an arrangement for the settlement of the claims. Pursuing the decision in Allsop v FC of T (1965) these amounts therefore be assessable in the form of recoupment of a loss under section 20-20 (2)[4]. Conclusion: The sum of compensation received by Connect IT constitute as income and will be held taxable as an income as per the ordinary concepts of Section 6-5 of the ITAA 1997 Reference List: Barkoczy, Stephen. "Foundations of Taxation Law 2016."OUP Catalogue(2016). Blakelock, Sarah, and Peter King. "Taxation law: The advance of ATO data matching."Proctor, The37.6 (2017): 18. ROBIN, H.AUSTRALIAN TAXATION LAW 2017. OXFORD University Press, 2017. Woellner, R. H., et al.Australian Taxation Law Select: Legislation and Commentary 2016. Oxford University Press, 2016. [1] Barkoczy, Stephen. "Foundations of Taxation Law 2016."OUP Catalogue(2016). [2] Woellner, R. H., et al.Australian Taxation Law Select: Legislation and Commentary 2016. Oxford University Press, 2016. [3] Blakelock, Sarah, and Peter King. "Taxation law: The advance of ATO data matching."Proctor, The37.6 (2017): 18. [4] ROBIN, H.AUSTRALIAN TAXATION LAW 2017. OXFORD University Press, 2017.

Compare the Leadership Academy Approaches

Question: Discuss about the Compare the Leadership Academy Approaches. Answer: Introduction: Strong leadership is the single most important characteristic for an organization, which drives the well-structured leadership development programs and overall organizational performances, in order to develop strong leaders. In this assignment, two selected health systems are Henry Ford Health System and North Shore-Lij Health System. The Leadership Academy approaches will be compared in between these two healthcare systems. Similarity and difference between the health systems: As per NCHL Best Practices in Healthcare Leadership Academies, 2010, these two healthcare systems have focused on employee retention programs through employee promotion, performance reviews, better goal management and other talent management practices. They differ in terms of Leadership Academy approaches through various ways. For example, in Henry Ford Health System, the leadership approaches are implemented in different years through different programs, like, leadership program, advanced leadership academy, new leader academy, and physician leadership academy. While, in North Shore-LIJ Health System, the Leadership Academy approaches are maintained through developing and nurturing multiple talent pools at different levels of organization, like, executive director pool, associate director pool, black belt pool and high potential pool (Mohanna et al., 2013). Appropriate approach for the organization: According to the author, the most appropriate approach for the organization will be the Leadership Academy approach of North Shore-LIJ Health System. The leadership approaches are based on the employees. In this system, each employee is monitored through repeated and rigorous assessments. The employees have direct communication with the CEO of the organization regarding their efficiencies. Their jobs are designed in such a way that the employees can be upgraded with new perspectives and skills (Lockwood, 2006). Each employee, who is participating in leadership development, has access to mentoring and coaching, in order to pursue a new role in future. In this system, , the Leadership Academy approaches are maintained through developing and nurturing multiple talent pools at different levels of organization, like, executive director pool, associate director pool, black belt pool and high potential pool. The most critical elements of a successful Leadership Development program: There are many critical elements, which are needed to implement a successful Leadership Developmental program. According o the author, certain critical elements are described below (Martin Learmonth, 2012) : Mentoring: In this process, the participants will be skilled under efficient mentors. In Leadership Development program, each employee should have access to mentoring and coaching, in order to pursue a new role in future. Low funding: The fees of the Leadership Development program should be charged as low as possible. It will motivate the employees of the healthcare systems to participate in the large number. This can be achieved through implementing internal faculties and using other online technological resources. Screening and assessments: The screenings and assessments will help to recognize the potentials of the employees. These tests will help to rectify the employees and to upgrade them with efficient skills in future (Law Aquilina, 2013). Measurement of the success of a Leadership Academy: According to the author, the success of a Leadership Academy can be measured through their applications. The employees will be more efficiently skilled and knowledgeable through the successful Leadership Academy approaches (Edmonstone, 2015). The employees of the organizations can take up any type of challenges. The team effectiveness and teamwork will be enhanced through this successful leadership. References: Edmonstone, J. (2015). Developing healthcare leaders and managers: course-based or practice-based?.International Journal of Healthcare,1(1), p9. Law, H., Aquilina, R. (2013). Developing a healthcare leadership coaching model using action research and systems approachesa case study: Implementing an executive coaching programme to support nurse managers in achieving organisational objectives in Malta.International Coaching Psychology Review,8(1), 54-71. Lockwood, N. R. (2006). Leadership development: Optimizing human capital for business success.HR Magazine,51(12), A1. Martin, G. P., Learmonth, M. (2012). A critical account of the rise and spread of leadership: the case of UK healthcare.Social science medicine,74(3), 281-288. Mohanna, K., Nicol, E., Cowpe, J. (2013). Education and training for healthcare leadership.Education for primary care: an official publication of the Association of Course Organisers, National Association of GP Tutors, World Organisation of Family Doctors,24(1), 77. NCHL Best Practices in Healthcare Leadership Academies. (2010) (1st ed.).

A philosphical essay on Utilitarianism.

A philosphical essay on Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is a way of looking at ethics, it focuses on trying to ensure the maximum happiness in many different ways. There are many different forms of utilitarianism, the four I will discuss are act, rule, naive and preference utilitarianism.Rule utilitarianism tries to give the greatest overall benefit to society, the best rule/law of conduct is found and everyone is found an a rule utilitarian will follow it. However, this can cause problems if you use this rule in a place where it is not generally followed as problems will be caused if you differ from the general population. Another difficulty is that all the best rules would be very complicated and this would make them hard to follow and many people would not bother to follow them at all.Examples of rule utilitarianism: A man needs a lot of money to get a lifesaving operation on his heart, he doesn't have the money and contemplates robbing a bank for it.From http://hypernews.ngdc.noaa.govBecause he follows rule utilitariani sm he decides to let himself die because robbing a bank is against the rules that he believe are for the benefit of society. Another example: A man from the USA comes to Australia to live, one of the rules he believes is for the greater benefit of society s driving on the right side of the road. He is forced to go against his rule utilitarianism because of the fear of a car crash.Preference utilitarianism tries to satisfy peoples' preferences. The best action is the one which satisfies the highest amount of peoples' preferences. These preferences must only count for preferences about oneself or people might have preferences that cancel out other peoples preferences (for example: A person wishing to be rich and a person wishing for everyone to be poor),

The Haber Process Essays - Industrial Gases, Equilibrium Chemistry

The Haber Process Essays - Industrial Gases, Equilibrium Chemistry The Haber Process 1. The Haber Process During the first decade of the twentieth century the world-wide demand for ammonia for use in fertilisers (in the form of nitrates) and in the production of explosives for use in mining and warfare could only be satisfied on a large scale from deposits of guano in Chile (2). Though this deposit was of huge size (approximately five feet thick and 385 kilometres long) it represented a rapidly depleting resource when compared to world-wide demand. As a result of this there was much research into how ammonia could be produced from atmospheric nitrogen. The problem was eventually solved by Fritz Haber (1868 - 1934) in a process which came to be known as the Haber Process or the Haber - Bosch Process. Haber developed a method for synthesising ammonia utilising atmospheric nitrogen and had established the conditions for large scale synthesis of ammonia by 1909 and the process was handed over to Carl Bosch for industrial development (1). the reaction is a simple equilibrium reaction which occurs in gaseous state as follows; N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) = 2NH3 (g) heat of enthalpy = -92.6 kJ/mol In predicting how to obtain the highest yield from this reaction we must refer to Le Chatlier's Principle. This states that for an equilibrium reaction the equilibrium will work in the opposite direction to the conditions forced upon it. The conditions most pertinent to the above reaction are temperature and pressure. The pressure exerted by any gas or mixture of gasses in an enclosed space is directly proportional to the number of atoms or molecules of gas regardless of their size or molecular mass. Reference to the above reaction shows that, as the reaction moves to the right the number of molecules and hence the pressure decreases. Therefore the reaction moving to the right (i.e. towards the product required) is favoured by an increase in pressure. With regard to temperature, the reaction moving to the right is exothermic i.e. it gives off energy (in the form of heat). Therefore reference to Le Chatlier's Principle shows that the reaction to the right is favoured by low temperatures. However, when Haber placed the reactants together under these conditions it was shown that the rate of reaction was so slow as to render the process unfeasible as an industrial process. This is because of an unusually high activation energy. The activation energy of a reaction is the energy required by the reactants to achieve an intermediate state required before they form the products. In the case of the above reaction the intermediate state requires the dissociation of diatomic gaseous nitrogen. The triple bond found between two nitrogen atoms when they form diatomic nitrogen is amongst the strongest chemical bonds known. this leads to an extremely high activation energy. At extremely high temperature the nitrogen molecule will dissociate and so, as the temperature approaches this point the rate at which the reaction to the right occurs and therefore the speed with which equilibrium is reached increases rapidly. Unfortunately experimentation showed that, as temperature approached the point at which the speed of the reaction was sufficient to produce a viable reaction the amount of ammonia produced was so low that the reaction was still unfeasible on as an industrial process. Faced with this failure to find conditions suitable for an industrial process Haber began to experiment to find a catalyst that would facilitate the reaction. A catalyst is a substance that reduces the activation energy of a reaction, thus increasing the speed at which the reaction occurs, or in the case of equilibrium reactions the speed at which equilibrium is reached. After hundreds of experiments Haber discovered that a fast enough reaction with a high enough yield of ammonia would occur with a pressure between 200 and 400 atmospheres and at a temperature between 670K and 920K in the presence of a catalyst of iron (in the form of iron filings to increase its active surface area) plus a few percent of oxides of potassium and aluminium. This process was first demonstrated in 1909 and patented as the Haber Process in 1910 (3). Experiments aimed at finding the most efficient conditions for the reaction have since resulted in the process described by the flow diagram