The Cold War - 825 Words

Essay 2 Prompt # 2: The Risk of Incomplete Information Despite its name, the Cold War did not actually involve military fighting between the United States and the Soviet Union. However, the Cold War is still an excellent example as to why war can be a result of bargaining failures and explains reasons as to why war occurs. A single person’s rationality can tip the scale between war and peace. The Cold War was essentially a deadlock between the two super powers of that time, the United States and the Soviet Union. Both states expressed desire to maintain and widen their respective spheres of influence around the world. Both states also wanted to prove that their political system is superior; whereas the United States was pro-democracy, the Soviet Union was pro-communism. Although the Cold War was a result of many factor, war can definitely occur due to information problems between two states. Nonetheless, I do believe there is always a range of agreements that is possible between states, as is evidenced by the resolution of the Cub an missile crisis. Knowledge plays a key role in a state’s decision, and erroneous decisions that lead to war often occur due to lack of information. One of the greatest examples that emphasize the importance of information and human rationality was during Cuban Missile Crisis. An article published by The New York Times, written by Neil Genzlinger, highlights the Cuban missile crisis, and how close the United States and the Soviet Union were on theShow MoreRelatedThe War Of The Cold War1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War was a state of political and military tension stemming from World War II fought primarily between the United States and the Soviet Union. Although the start and end dates of the Cold War are frequently disputed over, it is generally accepted that the conflict started at the conclusion of the Second World War and stemmed from the social climate and lingering tensions in Europe and the increasing power struggles between the Soviet Union and the United State s. Along with economic separationRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesOne major war ended and another to begin. The Cold war lasted about 45 years. There were no direct military campaigns between the United States and Soviet Union. However, billions of dollars and millions of lives were lost. The United States emerged as the greatest power from World War 2. (Give Me Liberty 896) The country boasted about having the most powerful navy and air force. The United states accounted for about half of the world’s manufacturing capacity, which it alone created the atomic bombRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War757 Words   |  4 PagesAs tensions continued to augment profoundly throughout the latter half of the Cold War period, they brought forth a movement from a previous bipolar conflicting course, to one of a more multipolar nature. These tensions were now not only restricted to the Soviet Union and United states, but amongst multiple other nations of the g lobe. It became a general consensus that a notion of ‘peace’ was sought globally, hence, the emergence of dà ©tente. The nature of this idea in the short term conveyed itselfRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War961 Words   |  4 Pages1945, beginning year of the Cold War. The development of cold war just started after the end of world War ||. The cold war was the result of conflict between two powerful country Soviet Union and United State. The war was regarding to the lead the world after the World War ||. The Soviet Union wanted to emerge its power to the world and so do the United States too. The research paper mainly focused on various reasons of opposition of two great power of the world Soviets and United States of AmericaRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War1636 Words   |  7 PagesThe U.S. learned greatly after having been declared the victor of the Cold War. Retired four-star U.S. Army general Colin Powell said, â€Å"The long bitter years of the Cold War are over . America and her allies have won; totally, decisively, and overwhelmingly† (Reed 343). The Cold War started after World War II in 1947 and ended in 1991. The U.S. underwent a political war with the Soviet Union in hopes of advancing more rapidly in certain fields, such as nuclear weapons and space crafts. Avoiding nuclearRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War886 Words   |  4 Pagesin an infamous battle against ideologies: The Cold War. Even though war took place during this time, both powers were not involved in battle directly, hence the name cold war. The war mainly consisted of assumed and implied threats of nuclear attacks and political control over states in Europe. Even before 1945, the beginning of the Cold War, tension brewed between the U.S and the U.S.S.R. Both sides had differing views on Europe s state after the war. For instance, programs like the Marshall PlanRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War Essay1075 Words   |  5 PagesDuring World War II, the United States, Br itain, and Russia all worked together to take down Hitler. Although after the war, the coordination between the U.S. and Russia became extremely tense which inevitably lead to the Cold War. The U.S. was worried that Russia would spread communism after World War II. Russia was concerned with the U.S. arms increase and intervention in international affairs. The distrust between the two nations resulted in the Cold war which lasted until 1991. In 1946, WinstonRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War was a result of what happened at the end of World War 2. At the end of World War 2, the Soviets held a grudge against the U.S for their delayed entrance in the World War resulting in deaths of thousands of Russians resulting in the appearance of the Cold War .The Cuban Missile Crisis was a significant flashpoint in the Cold War because it was the moment two superpowers came closest to nuclear conflict. This crisis, while posing the very real threat of global annihilation, also led toRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War942 Words   |  4 PagesFeelings Do Matter At the close of World War Two in 1945, the United States entered another kind of war, the Cold War, which did not involve two adversaries in open battle fields using bullets against the Soviet Union. Throughout the Cold War, incidents fueled feelings of anxiety, mistrust and pride. Often pride is defined as â€Å"a feeling that you are more important or better than other people† (Pride). Mistrust on the other hand is the â€Å"feeling that someone is not honest and cannot be trusted†,Read MoreThe War Of The Cold War1737 Words   |  7 Pages Cold War The Cold War, which is often dated from 1945 to 1989, was a constant state of political and military tension between powers in the West, dominated by the United States with NATO among its allies, and powers in the East, dominated by the Soviet Union along with the Warsaw Pact. The development of Nuclear Weapons and long range shooting missiles by the United States gave a lot of fear and caused mass destruction. The Cold War came about after World War II when America used their atomic bombs

What Everyone Else Does When It Comes to Talk about Yourself Essay and What You Need to Be Doing Different

What Everyone Else Does When It Comes to Talk about Yourself Essay and What You Need to Be Doing Different Stillness isn't silence. Sometimes silence may be terrific hook. Sometimes, it is very effective. A hook may also be nonverbal. The organizers may wish to know a small bit about who you are and what your huge message will be. Begin with a hook that will receive the audience's interest. Squeezing a huge message into a quick quantity of time requires you to be concise. CMS-generated markup may be costly to modify. Still, occasionally it's useful to have the ability to earn a visual change using only CSS. The class needs to be assigned based on the superior scale below. Some folks take notes since they read, particularly when they find a page which is especially engaging and just compose the booktalk after they've read the book. You won't be in a position to compose a strong assignment if you don't have any idea why you're writing it. Comparing the stories we can observe there is tremendous difference in the manner confession is portrayed. In all 3 stories it's the women protagonists that are active, who confess or initiate the set of confessions. Talk about Yourself Essay and Talk about Yourself Essay - The Perfect Combination There's also a possibility you might draw in the interest of an event organizer who invites you to provide a talk. You simply have 18 minutes to provide the speech of your life. Make certain you have a minumum of one booktalk that you are able to give in 1-2 minutes or can adjust in length at the close of the session if necessary. Generally speaking, booktalks ought to be no longer than 3-5 minutes, and it's a great idea to vary the duration of booktalks throughout the session. For nearly all applications, writing an essay will demonstrate the decision makers why you require this money and the way you are going to use it to better your own life together with the lives of others. If some words are associated w ith others or are parallel, place these on the identical level out from the middle. An essential ingredient is being open to new ideas and concepts, together with the ability to transcend well-entrenched views of earth. In addition, the author's language is examined to establish its potency in making an appropriate atmosphere and having a strong effect on readers. Probably the best method to select a book for a book talk is to find one which you love. In addition, the airport isn't far away. To begin a concept map, set the major idea at the very top left of your page. Set your primary idea in the middle of your page. Possessing different perspectives creates an extensive picture. 1 thing to bear in mind is that for your private essay to actually stand out, you will need to write about an experience that not everybody goes through. The personal touch will give them with the confidence to know they can read the book and that it is a good option. As someone who is already just a couple of years away from turning into a middle-aged individual, it is necessary to make sure that I can have the capability to prevent myself from developing diseases. Lesson Plan The lesson plan part of your application is difficult if don't have any teaching experience. A degree in Civil Engineering enables me to reach my targets and also gives me a chance to generate a difference locally. Some students need additional attention. Despite this teachers must be careful, they need to locate a balance in which all students will feel nice and satisfied. Essentially, you would start your essay introducing the book. Af ter all, if you truly wish to stick out amongst a sea of essays, you don't wish to be writing on the exact same topics. If you would like to steer clear of difficult argumentative essay topics, you can discover some amazing ideas on this blog. You might locate a lot of tips online on how best to compose a self-introduction essay, but here are a few tips that you might discover useful. You may also think about an ending that mirrors the start of your essay. It is advised to make your essay more positive even in the event you prefer to recall a tricky time of your life. It could be intimidating to choose what things to say, but you can concentrate your essay by writing for a specific audience. Be certain to confirm the course out so that you can write the most effective personal essay possible. Keep in mind, you don't have to complete the book if it isn't intriguing. If you need assistance writing an essay on a book, you have arrived at the proper place. Read the entire book, even in the event that you compose the booktalk halfway through. To begin with, read the book, the entire book, even in case you compose the booktalk halfway through.

TJ Maxx Business Strategy and Analysis - Get Free Sample Solution

Question: Describe about strategic planning and framework of TJ Maxx? Answer: Executive Summary: Overview of target Organization: TJ Maxx is an American department store chain which is located with more than 1000 stores. This is one of the biggest retailers in the United States. The store offers wide array of products from men and womens apparel, accessories, toys and home products as well. The biggest advantage of this company is that it sells designer brands at very affordable prices. Analysis of Strategy formulation analytical Framework: A strategy formulation method emerges as a cause to accomplish the goals set for the organization. TJ Maxx is a growing retail store in USA. To understand a businesss overall strategy it is very important to analyze the core competencies of the firm. TJ Maxx has a good network of supply chain management and wide distributive channel of network. Therefore they can minimize their inventory as well. Also they run with a competitive cost advantage over other retail businesses in USA (Mazzarol, 2009). Findings from Stage I: Input Stage: The Input stage depicts and analyzes the internal assessment of the firm. This basically throws light into the present market scenario where the internal and external strengths and weaknesses are matched with the overall performance using IFE matrix and CPM matrix. It can be depicted that the brand had a strong reputation over other brands with a share of about 40%. There were wide range of products and various successful integration were been implemented. Using IFE matrix it can be founded out that TJ Maxx had increasing level of cash flow. The stores were located in close vicinity of geographic location. The company had a large number of suppliers as well. Introduction to Strategic Planning: Strategic planning is a method that is used to ensure that employees and other stakeholders are efficiently working with some common objectives to achieve organizational goals and come out with intended results that can help the organization to adjust in the changing environment. An effective strategic plan control all the actions that are going on and checks if any progressive results are to be implemented or not (Jeffs, 2008). The process of strategic planning and management starts with assessment of current internal and external factors affecting organization. Then a strategic plan is developed with organizational strategies as well and then the plan is finally implemented into action and operational planning as well. SWOT Analysis of TJ Maxx: Strengths: The most important focus of the company that it holds a dominant position in the market. The company is very stable in terms of maximizing its revenue in the market. TJ Max offers a wide range of products to its customers thus bringing more profit. The company has a structured and professional hierarchy maintained with a strong management team as well. This is a retail chain with more than 1000 stores in 5 countries. The stores also have strong presence over customer minds as well. Weaknesses: A slight change in the economy of US would bring a huge loss in terms of revenue because TJX mainly concentrates in the US market. There are a few department stores that have very few categories of clothes particularly. Opportunities: TJX has vast opportunities to emerge with developing countries like China and India. These countries can provide a wide array of growth prospects for the company. TJX can also go for the option of online delivery of products as that would create a differentiation in minds of consumers. Threats: There are businesses that offer similar products at a cheaper rate. This may prove as a threat to the company. (Witteveen and Irschik, 2008) BCG Matrix for TJ Maxx: The Boston Consultancy group has four main components: Stars, Question mark, Dogs and Cash cow. In US the retail sales for clothing and accessories showed an increase of 5.9% in the first month of 2013. The growth rate of retail industry globally was 2.8%. TJX was the global leader with a market share of 1.8%. In recent years Gap Inc who was considered to be a sleeping dog was slightly increasing towards cash cow. However the closest competition to Gap was TJX and they continued to have a market share of 12%. Conclusion: From the above discussion it can be concluded that with growing Competitive edge in the retail sector, TJ Maxx has been able to distinguish itself from others in terms of global brand name, availability of its products in different stores and most strong point is that the company was based with economy pricing that helped customers to buy the products at an affordable price range. References David, F. (2005).Strategic management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Jeffs, C. (2008).Strategic management. Los Angeles: SAGE. Mazzarol, T. (2009). Strategic planning in growth oriented small firms.Strategic Direction, 25(11). Witteveen, W. and Irschik, H. (2008). An effective strategy for the multibody simulation of jointed FE models in the framework of the floating frame of reference formulation.PAMM, 8(1), pp.10157-10160.

Motivation at Work Place Essay Example

Motivation at Work Place Essay Motivation, in a plain language, is what makes people do things, to provide with a motive to impel one to action. This paper discusses how to motivate employees at workplace to perform well. There are many reasons and methods to successfully motivate employees. Firstly and obviously, motivated employees are much more productive than employees who are not. Therefore Managers need to know about the factors that create motivation in order to be able to induce employees to work harder, more efficiently and with greater enthusiasm by knowing their employees’ needs. The objective of this paper is to explore three theories of motivation, Instrumental (focusing on Scientific Management), Content (covering theories by Maslow, Herzberg and McClelland) and Process (Covering equity, expectancy and goal setting theories). It will also identify the advantages and their shortcomings. Secondly this paper will look at NMB bank case to identify motivators and demotivators in a workplace. Finally provide practical recommendation that will effectively address the demotivators in the workplace. 2. Theory of Motivation Motivation studies have aimed to discover what triggers and sustain human behaviour at work. Motivation can be described as goal directed behaviour i. e. the will to work and achieve certain goals e. g. earn more money or achieve promotion. It can also be referred as external or internal factors/forces that influence an individual positively (Gibson et el, 2000). We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation at Work Place specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation at Work Place specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation at Work Place specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Motivation Theories try to describe why people at work behave the way they do. The theories describe what organizations can do to encourage employees apply their efforts and abilities to achieve organizations’ goals. Motivation theories are also concerned with job satisfaction and factor that create satisfaction and its impact on their behaviour (Gibson et el, 2000). There are a number of different motivation theories and these theories do not all reach the same conclusion. Motivation theories can be classified into three categories, Content Theory, Process Theory and Instrumental Theory (Armstrong, 2008). 2. Instrumental Theory of Motivation Instrumental Theory assumes that a person will be motivated to work if rewards and punishment are tied directly to performance (Armstrong, 2008) i. e. people are rewarded for behaving as expected. This theory originated from scientific management theory, and according to this theory, it is impossible to get people to work much harder than others unless assured on rewards. However, according to Armstrong (2008), Instrumental Theory failed to appreciate the fact that the formal control system can be affected by informal relationships between employees or between management and employees. . 2Content Theory of Motivation Content Theory falls in the second category, it emphasizes that it is needs that motivate people. There are a number of theories on providing the need for motivation. However, this paper will look on three most influential theories that advocate needs as motivators. These are Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory, Herzberg’s two-factor theory and McClelland’s acquired needs theory. Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs proposes that people are motivated by five levels of needs, first Physiological needs, these are the most basic human physical needs like food, shelter, clothing etc. Secondly Safety and Security needs, these are concerned with physical safety and emotional security. Third is Belonging and Social needs, the need for friendship, affiliation, interaction and love. Most people are motivated by the social contacts they make at work. There is a need to belong to a certain group and this need is a motivator in a way. Fourth is esteem and recognition needs, the need for respect and recognition from others. And finally Self-actualization needs which is the highest level of needs in Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of Needs theory. It is the need for self-fulfillment and using abilities, skills and potential to the fullest. In proposing this hierarchy of needs, ranging from basic to highest level, Maslow suggested that a person attempts to satisfy the more basic needs before directing behaviour towards satisfying upper level need. For example, once basic needs (physiological safety) are taken care of, people look for love, affection and affiliation and after they meet their social needs, people focus on matters such as self-respect, status, recognition etc. However, needs are never completely satisfied. Maslow’s theory has been criticized for its apparent rigidity since not all needs are equally important to different individuals, different people have different needs and priorities, each person has different intensities of each need and these intensities change in different situations. Furthermore, the theory is neither that accurate nor thorough enough to explain individual levels of behaviour. The second Content Theory is Herzberg’s two-factor Theory. Herzberg identifies a number of fundamental needs with his two factor theory. Herzberg advocates that work satisfaction and dissatisfaction arise from two different factors. Work satisfaction came from motivating factors and work dissatisfaction come from hygiene factors (Gibson et el, 2000). Motivating factors are concerned with what will make employees satisfied while Hygiene factors addresses why are employees dissatisfied. According to Herzberg, motivators include achievement, recognition and advancement and hygiene factors refer to policies procedures, working conditions, job security and salary (Armstrong, 2008). Motivators lead to positive satisfaction and hygiene factors only prevents dissatisfaction and they do not in themselves lead to employees’ satisfaction. However, the theory relies on the findings from the study done on accountants and engineers and this has brought up questions about its validity and accuracy to other fields and occupations. Another content motivation theory is McClelland’s acquired needs theory, which states that three needs i. e. achievement, affiliation and power are major motives determining people’s bahaviour in the workplace (Armstrong, 2008). McClelland believes that people are not born with needs but they acquire them from culture and life experience and the need to achieve is a primary motivating factor. Graham Bennett (1998) look at McClelland’s needs theory, and according to them Achievement-oriented people are said to prefer tasks which they had sole responsibility, avoid risks and monitor continuously the effect of their actions. Power-oriented were motivated by the prospect of controlling subordinates, while Affiliators wanted pleasant relationships with colleagues. 2. 3Process Theory of Motivation The final category of motivation theory is the Process motivation theory. This theory is more concerned with the thought of how people decide to act, i. e. how employees choose certain behaviour to meet their needs (Gibson et el, 2000). It attempts to explain and describe some of the factors that are typically outside of the individual. Whereas Content theory simply try to understand employees needs, process theory goes further and try to understand why employees have different needs, what behaviours satisfy them (Armstrong, 2008). The three most influential Process motivation theories include, Expectancy Theory, Goal Achievement Theory and Equity Theory. Goal theory, which was developed by Latham and Locke, states that motivation and performance are higher when individuals set specific and difficult goals and there is feedback on performance (Armstrong, 2008). The attributes highlighted are goal specifity, goal difficulty and goal intensity. According to Gibson et el (2000), Goal setting techniques has offered viable motivation techniques to many managers. However, in order to motivate employees, it is strongly recommended that setting of goals should be both specific and challenging and this leads to increase in performance. Generally, the more difficult the goal the higher the level of performance is expected. The Equity theory of motivation asserts on employees own assessment of whether he/she is being treated fairly, in comparison to his/her colleagues, as a major factor influencing motivation. Employees are motivated to see fair treatments, no matter how fair managers think the organization’s policies, procedures and reward systems are, each employee’s perception of those factors is what counts (Armstrong, 2008). Employees’ participation in important decisions that affect their welfare helps to promote perception of fair treatments. Expectancy Theory suggests that employees are motivated by two things. Firstly, how much they want something and secondly, how likely they think they are to get it (Armstrong, 2008). In other word, when people have choices they will make the choice that assures them best outcome or best rewards. According to Expectancy theory, your motivation depends on the relationship between your efforts, performance and desirability of the outcomes i. e. recognition for your performance. 3. Motivators and Demotivators in the workplace Taking NMB Bank as point of reference, this section will look into motivators and demotivators in the workplace. NMB Bank is the biggest Bank in Tanzania with more than 130 branches all over the country. 3. 1Motivators: It is NMB’s policy to recruit internally first, this helps to ensure employees career growth within the Bank. Employees take pride, as they feel Management recognizes their contributions and hence give them first priority when filling any vacancies within the Bank. This policy also provides opportunities for more responsibilities, that is when a more challenging job is advertised within the Bank, all employees qualifying for the post have equal opportunity to grow and achieve their career goals. It is also the Bank’s policy to give bonus at the end of every year depending on the performance of the Bank for that year. This promotes recognition for employees’ performance hence they feel valued and seen as part of the winning team. Another motivator to employees of the Bank is training opportunities for employees. Every new and fresh graduate who joins the Bank must go to a two week induction course. This training has two parts, theory and practical on how to do the job. This increases the interest of the job to the new employee. And the Bank does have in-house training programs for other employees. Job enlargement, challenging and complex tasks motivate NMB employees. Due to the size of the Bank, it increases the number of tasks in a job and therefore the work is challenging and complex. Employees deal with big volumes of workload they encounter different and complex challenges. For example, with large number of customers’ transaction bank reconciliation becomes complex. And even more for employees in the Zone offices who have to oversee the more than 10 branches within the zone and similarly to the Head Office employees. Working under such environment give employees a good chance of learning new things almost every day and this motivates employees for good performance. 3. 2Demotivators: Like any other workplace, there are factors that create dissatisfaction (demotivators) at NMB. As it has been prior illustrated, absence or inadequate of demotivators or hygiene factors promote dissatisfaction to employees. These factors include working conditions, relationship with subordinates/supervisors, policies and procedures and pay. It is the policy of the Bank that the entire Bank’s operations are centralized. Therefore employees especially in the branches have very little room to make decisions and command. With so many customers and most approvals are required to come from Head Office, employees’ job become dull. This causes dissatisfaction to branch employee as their participation on important and challenging tasks is taken away from them. For example, Head Office may change or give different instructions to Branch management on certain procedures. Sometimes such instructions may not be very practical and consequently may be the cause of long queues in the Branches. This may lead to customer complaining and in return employees are also dissatisfied with their jobs as they could be involved in decisions regarding their work. For instance, when the server is down they have to wait for assistance from Head Office of which takes more time. Working environment (not internal working conditions) of employees working in the rural areas may not be satisfactory. This refers to the external environment of these branches, since many of the Bank’s branches are located in rural areas. NMB Bank has a branch in every district in Tanzania, although this is good for business and customer base, in terms of life styles for employees working in those branches the external environments may not satisfy their personal and private lives. And this in turn may influence their performance in the workplace. As a sign of being demotivated, absenteeism and labour turnover in some of these branches is high as most of these employees are trying to look for better environment for their personal and private needs. Moreover, since rural areas are areas that are technologically challenged areas, employees do not have access of internet for communicating, information, learning or researching and thus they cannot be in touch with the rest of the world. While it is very expensive for the Bank to provide internet to rural branch employees, employees feel that they are neglected and this leads to dissatisfaction and demotivation. Salary is another demotivating factor in NMB, employees are not paid well compared to the market rate. Additionally there is no proper salary scale that has uniform across the Bank. More so, there is no real essence in the fringe benefits provided to the Bank to its employee. For example, interest rate for employees’ loans is 9% compared to 6% of other banks. Relationship with subordinates is another factor that may create dissatisfaction if not well managed. Some of the Branch Managers and line Managers do not interact with their employees in acceptable manner, i. e. with respect, transparency and trust. For example, some managers will not inform or allow their employees to apply for any job advertised within the bank for fear of losing them, but this leads to losing these employees to other employers. According to Graham Bennett (1998), instead of controlling, Managers and supervisors need to motivate and inspire employees. 4. Practical Recommendations There are two types of motivation, extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic Motivation comes from outside the performer, for example pay/money (high salary), performance pay system, promotions, pleasant working conditions and trophies. Extrinsic is normally a short term motivating approach. Intrinsic is self motivation, comes from within the performer and it is more effective and long term approach because a person has a real interest in doing what is doing. Intrinsic motivations refer to achievement, responsibility and competence. There different factors that promote motivation, for example challenge, curiosity, competition and recognition are factors that promote intrinsic motivation. To effectively address the demotivators in the Bank, the Management may focus on both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Some research conclude that interesting work, appreciation, pay/salary, good working conditions, company policies, supervision and job security are important factors helping to motivate employees. People like to take pride in their work, belong to a winning team and be part of their organization they believe in. Therefore to address Supervision, Managers should be responsible to create an environment in which people can motivate themselves. This can be done without relying on merit increases, incentives and bonus but through non-monetary motivation for example open communication, recognition and career developments plans. Moreover, Managers should assist in making difference in motivation levels of their employees by leading by example. According to Gibson et el. 2000), if employers wish to have motivated, passionate and energetic staff, leaders/managers should demonstrate the attitudes, values and mindset that they wish staff to develop and demonstrate. Secondly managers should create job satisfaction and provide employees with more challenging work and should encourage creativity by providing recognition and rewarding creativity. The rewards need not to be costly to have an impact, for example a simple ‘thank you’ has much bigger impact to employee. Employees will be more motivated to work hard if they know Employer/manager recognize and appreciate their contributions. Thirdly, the Bank should promote employee participation. This refers to the process whereby employees are involved in the decision making processes rather than simply acting to orders. Manager should act as his employees advocate. For example when communicating with other departments or head office, manager should act as an advocate for the employees and be visible champion for them. That is if there are instruction from head office or other department that is not as practical as it seems, the manager should be able to stand up for his department and provide/offer a true scenario from practical point of view, rather than accepting everything. This will increase employees’ commitment and eventually motivation. In addition managers should provide the resources and support required for employees to do and complete their jobs to the required level and restrictions that are preventing employees from doing their job well should be removed. Employee participation is part of empowerment in the workplace. Fourthly, to implement work/life balance initiatives, this helps employees cope with their responsibilities at work and those outside of work. It is now accepted that external pre-occupations can cause stress, absenteeism, resignations and reduced motivation (Armstrong, 2008). Other ways to reduce demotivators at workplace include, promote and provide two-way feedback, redesign jobs, learn through exit interviews and trust and respect to employees. An environment where it is safe to take risks and staff are trusted to try new things can be inspiring and motivating to employees. For example employees should try out new ideas and improve the way they do their job without fear. Therefore the Bank has ensured that every employee has clear job description, thus operating tasks and duties are clear and organization structure is clear. . Conclusion Motivation Theories are study of human behaviour and can be used as guidelines for Managers and Employers to create motivated teams within their organizations to achieve their desired goals. Understanding motivation begins with understanding the employees. That, it is not necessarily employees are to be blamed (for being lazy or unskilled or unwilling to perform the task at hand) if their performance is not what the em ployer/manager expected. The wise manager tries to understand why the employees are not performing to his expectations. While it may be that the employees do not have the requisite skills, however there may be other factors involved which are more complicated and need to be addressed by the management. In conclusion, it can be established that, there are a wide variety of human needs operating at work place, and to motivate employees management must do analysis to identify which particular needs are most important to employees and develop a reward system that would address it. This paper has discussed the theories of motivation, their advantages and disadvantages. It has also look at NMB Bank as example case in identifying motivators and demotivators in the workplace. The paper, also gave practical recommendation on how to effectively address and get rid of the identified demotivators at NMB Bank. 6. References: i. Armstrong, M. (2008) A Handbook of Human Resources Management Practice, 10th Ed. , Kogan Page Ltd, Philadelphia. ii. Gibson J. L. , Invancevich J. M. , Donnelly J. H. (2000) Organizations: Behaviour, Structure Processes, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Columbus. iii. Graham H. T. Bennett R. (1998) Frameworks: Human Resources Management, Pearson Education Ltd